Why does negative campaigning undermine democracy?
a. Such campaigning means some elections are decided on the basis of inaccurate charges.
b. Discussions of public policy are discouraged as candidates throw mud.
c. Many good people may decide not to enter political life.
d. Negative campaigning disheartens citizens, contributing to many deciding not to vote.
e. All of the above factors contribute to undermining democracy.
B
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How did the spread of television in its first decade compare with the spread of radio during its first decade?
a. Radios spread into 40% of all households, while televisions spread to almost 90% of all households. b. Radios spread into 40% of all households, while televisions only spread into about 25% of all households. c. Radios spread into 90% of all households, while television only spread to about 40% of all households. d. The pattern was about the same for each medium as penetration was nearly 40% during the first decade.
Social movements differ from interest groups in that they ______.
A. are more institutionalized B. tend not to have officially recognized leaders C. do not produce the same level of change D. produce the same level of change
Postexperimental interviews fulfill many obligations the experimenter has toward his or her participants. Which of the following is NOT among them?
a. ethical obligations to inform participants about the experiment b. educating participants about the nature and role of psychological research c. offering the participant satisfaction with his or her role in the experiment d. assessing whether the participant would like to be trained as a researcher, too
In the past, African American turnout was __________
a. higher than whites b. lower than whites c. the same as whites d. highest among various ethnic groups