Pan-Arab nationalist movements have been popular in the past among postcolonial political leaders in the Middle East and North Africa, but they withered out because __________

a. the people under their rule did not see themselves as belonging to a greater Arab nation
b. the religion of Islam was a greater unifier among their people than ethnicity ever was, making distinctions between Arabs and other Muslims all but irrelevant
c. economic change and modern communications led post-colonial citizens to be less concerned with national identity and more with state effectiveness
d. the existing tools of post-colonial state, including established bureaucracies, proved too powerful to ignore in carrying out the business of governing


Answer: D

Political Science

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