The Arab invasions and their presence in the Mediterranean area during the early Middle Ages:
A. created the essential conditions, directly and indirectly, for the birth of Western Europe as a distinctive cultural entity.
B. retarded the emergency of a distinctive western European cultural entity.
C. made trade with East Asia completely impossible.
D. provided a protective barrier between Western Europe and hostile Persia.
E. all of these answers.
A
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Galileo used his telescope to discover
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What event led Charles de Gaulle to withdraw from politics?
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