A nurse is reading a journal article about anger and violence. Which of the following would the nurse expect to see as being linked to excessive, outwardly directed anger?
A) Myocardial infarction
B) Hypertension
C) Arthritis
D) Chronic pain
Ans: A
Maladaptive anger (excessive, outwardly directed anger or suppressed anger) is linked to psychiatric conditions, such as depression (Perugi, Fornaro, & Akiskal, 2011), as well as a plethora of medical conditions. For example, excessive, outwardly directed anger is linked to coronary heart disease (Ketterer et al., 2011) and myocardial infarction (Mostofsky, Maclure, Tofler, Muller, & Mittleman, 2013). Suppressed anger is related to arthritis, breast and colorectal cancer, chronic pain, and hypertension (Burns, Quartana, & Bruehl, 2011; Thomas, 2009). Furthermore, suppressed anger was a predictor of early mortality for both men and women in a large 17-year study (Potpara & Lip, 2011).
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