Different body cells can respond differently to the same peptide hormones because _____
A) different target cells have different sets of genes
B) each cell converts that hormone to a different metabolite
C) a target cell's response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways
D) the circulatory system regulates responses to hormones by routing the hormones to specific targets
E) the hormone is chemically altered in different ways as it travels through the circulatory system
Answer: C
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Viruses defy characterization as living organisms even though they possess nucleic acids and proteins. The reason why viruses are not considered to be alive is because they
A. form spontaneously. B. cannot form spontaneously. C. cannot reproduce without a host cell. D. lack genetic material.
The LD50 of Vibrio cholerae is 108 cells through the oral route. If the bacterial cells are ingested with bicarbonate, the LD50 drops to 104. Which of these explanations is the most likely?
A) Sodium bicarbonate decreases the virulence of Vibrio cholerae. B) Stomach acid decreases the virulence of Vibrio cholerae. C) Vibrio cholerae makes toxin only in the presence of stomach acid. D) Stomach acid increases the virulence of Vibrio cholerae. E) Sodium bicarbonate inactivates Vibrio cholerae.
In which environment would you most likely find chytrids?
A) The back of the refrigerator B) A well-used gym bag C) A warm swamp D) A basket of overripe fruit
Which of the following statements regarding mycoplasmas is FALSE?
A) They are low G + C content bacteria. B) They stain Gram positive. C) They are pleomorphic. D) They exhibit a "fried egg" appearance on solid media. E) They are the smallest free-living cells.