Most antigens are made of
a. nucleic acids and proteins.
b. alcohols and lipids.
c. oligosaccharides and alcohols.
d. ketones and aldehydes.
e. oligosaccharides, proteins, and lipids.
E
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Which is the key component in the process of successfully going from small-scale fermentation to large-scale industrial fermentation?
A. Finding the right organism to repeatedly produce one liter of product. B. Developing a suitable culture media. C. Success in producing one liter of product. D. The scale-up process is paramount.
Lungless salamanders lack lungs and breathe through their skins after they lose their gills. You would expect lungless salamanders to
A. prefer stagnant water. B. be restricted to smaller and/or thinner body plans. C. prefer drier habitats. D. be larger than most salamanders.
What is unique about the Hepadnaviridae family of viruses?
A) They contain RNA. B) They contain double-stranded RNA. C) They contain single-stranded DNA. D) They contain double-stranded DNA. E) They contain both single-stranded DNA and double-stranded DNA.
Explain how scientists used artificial vesicles to prove that the generation of ATP by the ATP synthase was not powered by a single high-energy intermediate but rather by a proton gradient
Be sure to describe the two experiments that were negative controls (no ATP generated), the positive control (ATP generated as expected), and a fourth experiment proving that the gradient is the required energy source.