The 85-year-old patient asks the nurse why he has a heart murmur now after all these years. What is the most likely cause of this patient's heart murmur?
a. Hypertension
b. Atherosclerosis
c. Insufficient valves
d. Weakened pacemaker
C
It is common for systolic murmurs to be present in people over the age of 80 . These murmurs are usually related to valvular dysfunction caused by thickening of the valves, especially the mitral and aortic valves.
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You are doing preoperative patient education with a patient who is a known smoker. What would be the best instruction to give to this patient?
A) Reduce smoking to prevent the development of pneumonia. B) Stop smoking at least 6 weeks before the scheduled surgery to enhance pulmonary function and decrease infection. C) Stop smoking at least 24 hours prior to surgery to promote pulmonary function. D) Stop smoking 4 to 8 weeks before the scheduled surgery to enhance pulmonary function and decrease infection.
A patient is diagnosed with a disorder of autocrine regulation. Which explanation of this condition would the nurse provide to the patient and family?
1. "The cells that produce some of your body's hormones are not recognizing that sufficient hormone is present.". 2. "Your blood is not circulating hormones well enough to get them to the places they need to be in your body.". 3. "Some of your hormones are not able to travel to their neighboring cells to do their work.". 4. "Your nervous system is not working with your endocrine system correctly.".
A patient develops carpopedal spasms and tingling of the lips following a parathyroidectomy. Which action should the nurse take first?
a. Administer the ordered muscle relaxant. b. Give the ordered oral calcium supplement. c. Have the patient rebreathe from a paper bag. d. Start the PRN oxygen at 2 L/min per cannula.
One type of observer bias arises when observations of the phenomena of interest are colored by what the observer wants or expects to see
A) True B) False