Describe different types of prosocial behavior. How does prosocial behavior develop, and what types of factors appear to influence the amount of prosocial behavior children exhibit?
What will be an ideal response?
The ideal answer should include:
1. Prosocial behavior involves voluntary actions to help another person.
2. Empathy and sympathy are the two main types of prosocial behavior, along with associated actions, such as consoling another person.
a) Empathy and sympathy are present by 24 months of age.
b) Empathy involves experiencing the emotions of another person.
c) Sympathy involves a feeling of concern or sorrow for another person's distress.
3. By age 4, children are able to act prosocially to assuage guilty feelings.
4. Growth in cognitive and emotional competence are related to increases in prosocial behavior.
5. Parents who model prosocial behavior and coach their children in emotion regulation tend to have children who exhibit higher rates of prosocial behavior.
6. Secure attachment is also related to displaying empathy toward others.
7. There is a genetic component to prosocial behavior, but research shows that differential parental treatment of identical twins can lead to differences in prosocial behavior.
8. Cultural customs also play a role. Children in collectivist cultures tend to engage in more cooperative and prosocial play than children in individualistic cultures.
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A physician notices that twice as many female patients complain of depression as male patients. The physician's first thought is that the cause is hormonal or genetic differences in the sexes. Research has ____. a. shown that only males who have a genetic vulnerability develop depression
b. been done extensively on this and results confirm that there is a hormonal basis for depression c. proven that this is never the case d. suggested that environmental and social-cultural factors interact with biological factors to influence gender differences in depression
Howard Gardner has theorized all of the following types of intelligence EXCEPT
a. language. b. creativity. c. interpersonal skills. d. intrapersonal skills.
Research designs in which researchers produce careful analyses of the experiences of a single person or group are referred to as:
A) archival studies B) singular studies C) case studies D) delineation studies