During stress, the hypothalamus can control the release of hormones from the adrenal glands via two major pathways. Describe the two pathways and the effects of the hormones they control
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
• One pathway stimulates the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system for "fight-or-flight," producing the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the inner part (medulla) of the adrenal glands.
• These hormones produce a state of arousal and alertness.
• The second pathway is called the HPA axis (HPA stands for hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal cortex).
• The hypothalamus will send signals to the pituitary gland.
• The pituitary gland will, in turn, signal the adrenal cortex to release cortisol and other stress hormones.
• Cortisol elevates blood sugar and protects the body from inflammation.
• Although useful in the short term, continued elevation of cortisol can contribute to hypertension, immune disorders, and other physical or emotional problems.
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a. true b. false
Regarding the effects of molestation, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Molestation is especially damaging if the perpetrator was a relative, parent, or other person close to the victim. b. As adults, victims of molestation often develop sexual phobias. c. A single incident of fondling almost always causes severe emotional harm to most children. d. As adults, many victims of molestation continue to have terrifying memories of the childhood victimization.
Damage to human visual association cortex would be expected to impair the ability to
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