An electrochemical gradient arises from an ions combined

a. concentration gradient and electrical charge
b. protein pumps and electrical charge
c. concentration gradient transporters


Answer: a. concentration gradient and electrical charge

Biology & Microbiology

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Which trophic level forms the base of a food chain?

A. Tertiary consumers B. Secondary consumers C. Primary producers D. Quaternary consumers E. Primary consumers

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Physiological saline is 0.9 percent NaCl; red blood cells placed in such a solution will not gain or lose

water; therefore, one could state that the fluid in red blood cells is hypertonic.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

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Once a macrophage ingests a foreign antigen, how is the antigen presented?

a. The antigen is embedded directly into the cell membrane of the macrophage. b. The antigen is embedded in the membrane of a transport vesicle and released via exocytosis. c. The antigen is attached to a receptor protein, forming a receptor-antigen complex. d. The antigen is attached to MHC markers, forming a MHC-antigen complex e. The antigen becomes part of the T cell membrane.

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During Krebs cycle reactions, the waste product gas ____________________ is produced. Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s)

Biology & Microbiology