Demonstrate and understanding of operant conditioning by differentiating between positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and punishment
What will be an ideal response?
Positive reinforcement involves giving a reward in order to increase the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring (e.g., getting dessert for eating all of your vegetables). Negative reinforcement involves taking away something unpleasant in order to increase the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring (e.g., being allowed to skip the final exam if your grades throughout the term have been strong). In both cases, the goal of reinforcement is to strengthen a behavior; that is, to increase the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future. Punishment is any consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behavior reoccurring. It can involve presentation of an undesirable stimulus (e.g., pain) or the removal of a desired stimulus (e.g., taking away a teenager's driving privileges).
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The term self-efficacy most broadly refers to a belief in ____, which can boost a person's chances of recovery from mental illness
a. the need for acceptance of prejudice and discrimination b. one's ability to succeed in a specific situation c. one's ability to overcome mental illness d. the effectiveness of psychotherapy
Lynn identifies the five ethnic groups that are represented in her town. She then randomly selects people from each ethnic group to invite to participate in her study. What sampling method is Lynn using?
A. simple random sampling B. systematic random sampling C. stratified random sampling D. cluster sampling
What did Goldstein and Goldstein characterize as one of the key features of science?
a. The experimental testing of proposed laws b. The betterment of society c. The elimination of pseudo science d. The development of inventions
The procedure that poses the LEAST risk to the fetus is:
a. amniocentesis. c. chorionic villus sampling. b. ultrasound. d. alpha-fetoprotein assay.