The successful use of a proxy variable to control for a confounding factor will allow you to accomplish all of the following except:
A. consistently estimate the treatment effect of interest.
B. uncover the size of the semi-partial correlation of the confounding factor and the outcome.
C. conduct appropriate hypothesis testing for the treatment effect of interest.
D. limit the endogeneity problem associated with the confounding factor.
Answer: B
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Gardeners sometimes plant clover between productive growing seasons. Why would this practice be beneficial?
A. Several types of nitrogen-fixing bacteria form a symbiotic relationship with the roots of clover. This would increase the amount of nitrogen in the soil available for subsequent seasons of other plants' growth. B. Clover is consumed by a number of animals. This would encourage the animals to feed/graze on the areas, leaving behind nitrogen-rich manure that would act as a natural fertilizer for subsequent seasons of other plants' growth. C. Clover is a unique plant that is capable of atmospheric nitrogen-fixation (pulling nitrogen directly out of the air and turning it into ammonia or amino acids). This directly provides nitrogen compounds for the soil for subsequent seasons of other plants' growth. D. The beneficial effect is more for water retention and elimination of soil erosion in between growing seasons. It has nothing to do with nitrogen compounds in the soil.
From this study, which treatment appears to be the most effective against Dutch elm disease?
a. treatment A b. treatment B c. treatment C d. They are all totally ineffective
The meninges are composed of:
a. bone and dura mater only. b. dura mater and arachnoid only. c. arachnoid and pia mater only. d. dura mater, pia mater, and archnoid only. e. bone, dura mater, pia mater, and archnoid only.
At what location does the filtrate leave the blood?
a. peritubular capillaries b. afferent arteriole c. efferent arteriole d. glomerulus