The nurse is critiquing a research study that used an experimental design. How can the nurse determine if the study's results are able to infer causality?
a. The relationship between independent and dependent variables must be reciprocal.
b. The relationship between independent and dependent variables must not be explainable by any other variable.
c. Both independent and dependent variables should be characterized by reactive effects.
d. Both independent and dependent variables should change as a result of the treatment.
ANS: B
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A The relationship between independent and dependent variables is not necessarily reciprocal.
B Critical to causality is the control of extraneous variables that may influence changes in the dependent variable.
C Reactive effects are the subjects' responses to being studied, which interfere with establishing a cause-and-effect relationship.
D In a cause-and-effect relationship, the independent variable changes the dependent variable.
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