Which of the following is a nonpharmacological approach that the nurse may implement for patients experiencing pain and that focuses on promoting pleasurable and meaningful stimuli?
a. Acupuncture
b. Distraction
c. Biofeedback
d. Ice pack
B
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A Acupuncture does not focus on promoting pleasurable and meaningful stimuli. Acupuncture may help reduce chronic and acute pain.
B Pleasurable stimuli cause the release of endorphins. The nurse assesses activities enjoyed by the patient that may act as distractions. Distraction directs a patient's attention to something else and thus can reduce the awareness of pain and even increase tolerance.
C Biofeedback focuses on an individual's physiological responses (e.g., blood pressure or tension) and ways to exercise voluntary control over those responses.
D An ice pack may reduce pain perception, but it would not be considered a pleasurable stimulus.
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