Answer the following statements true (T) or false (F)

1. The Solomon four-group design (Solomon, 1949) is viewed by some as the purest of research designs.
2. Research designs that lack one or two of the three major elements of experimental designs— equivalence or experimental and control groups—are designated as pre-experimental designs.
3. The two-group ex post facto design, is an example of a longitudinal design.
4. The one-group before–after design, or one-group pretest–posttest design, eliminates possible pretest reactivity by studying both an experimental and a control group after the experimental group has been exposed to some treatment.
5. Dualistic fallacy is the assumption that prisoners (who are assumed to represent all criminals) and the general population (who are assumed to represent all criminals) are mutually exclusive groups.


1. True
2. True
3. False
4. False
5. True

Criminal Justice

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