What is meant by the reliability of measurement and describe three methods for measuring reliability
What will be an ideal response?
Reliability refers to the consistency of the measurements. A measurement procedure is reliable if the same individuals measured under the same conditions produce the same (or very similar) scores. Reliability can be established over time by using test-retest reliability. The same group of individuals is measured under the same conditions at two different times. If the two measurements are the same or similar, the measurement is reliable. You can also establish the internal consistency of a test or questionnaire consisting of several items by measuring split-half reliability. The full set of items is divided in half and a separate score is computed for each half. If the two scores agree, the measurement is reliable. Finally, it is possible to demonstrate the reliability of measurement with inter-rater reliability. Two separate individuals observe and record behavior simultaneously. If their two recordings agree, the measurement is reliable.
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Elissa, a college freshman, finds that she is starting to smoke, a habit she never had before. She would like to stop smoking now, before the habit becomes too ingrained, but she really enjoys her few cigarettes each day, particularly with coffee after dinner when she relaxes with her friends. She also enjoys a few cigarettes later in the evening if she gets stressed writing a paper or completing an assignment. ? Using principles of operant conditioning, describe steps that Elissa could take to stop smoking now. Be sure to consider possible reinforcers or punishers that are influencing her current smoking patterns, changes she might make, and appropriate consequences to reinforce new behaviors.
What will be an ideal response?
The traditional male stereotype is more _____ than the female stereotype
a. defined b. flexible c. accurate d. complimentary