Describe how rho-dependent termination occurs in bacteria
What will be an ideal response?
A bacterial protein called rho factor binds to an mRNA at the rut site. It moves along the mRNA in a 5?-to-3? direction chasing after the RNA polymerase. When it reaches the hairpin loop it removes it and then proceeds to break through the hydrogen bonds holding the RNA-DNA together, which successfully removes the RNA polymerase.
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Explain how Vibrio cholerae causes cholera without apparent damage to the intestinal epithelium
A. This microbe causes destruction of the cellular structures underneath the intestinal epithelium-this is what induces the watery rice-stool characteristic of the illness. This leaves the overlying intestinal epithelium intact. B. This microbe directly invades the intestinal epithelial cells, but does not kill them. Instead, while multiplying inside them, it causes them to secrete large amounts of chloride ions. This induces water to follow by osmosis, resulting in the watery rice-stool characteristic of the illness. C. This microbe attaches to the surface of intestinal epithelial cells, secreting an exotoxin that causes the epithelium to secrete large amounts of chloride ions. This induces large amounts of water to follow by osmosis, resulting in the watery rice-stool characteristic of the illness. D. The inflammatory reaction to the presence of this microbe causes the watery rice-stool characteristic of the illness. Therefore, it's technically the immune response that initiates the disease, although this response is induced by the presence of the microbe on the intestinal epithelium.
Why are some proteins synthesized after single-codon mutations still semi-functional?
a. Proteins are transported to the nucleus to be compared to and corrected by the cell’s DNA. b. Degeneracy ensures that all single-codon substitution specify the same amino acids. c. Substituted amino acids may have similar properties as the originally specified amino acids. d. Only the average properties of every amino acid in a protein determine its functionality.
Which statement best describes the limitations of using of humans in genetic studies of developmental biology?
A) The variation in human development between individuals is too large for genetic studies. B) It is impractical and unethical to conduct experimental manipulation or targeted mutagenesis of humans to examine the role of genes in development. C) It is impractical and unethical to examine and describe abnormalities of human development, such as birth defects. D) Genetic studies of human development are not necessary, because most problems in human development are due to environmental influences and not genetics.
Reverse transcriptase catalyzes the production of _____ from ____
a. double-stranded cDNA; single-stranded mRNA b. double-stranded mRNA; single-stranded cDNA c. single-stranded cDNA; single-stranded mRNA d. single-stranded mRNA; single-stranded cDNA e. double-stranded cDNA; double-stranded mRNA