"Theory" is best described as:
a. Fact
b. Providing justifications for criminal behavior
c. Useful in locating the one key that will explain all criminological behavior
d. Useful for making sense of otherwise isolated, seemingly random facts
d. Useful for making sense of otherwise isolated, seemingly random facts
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Causation must be proven by what evidentiary standard?
a. preponderance of the evidence b. strict liability c. by clear and convincing evidence d. beyond a reasonable doubt
The rule that allows that an individual may be prosecuted for an offense in both a state and a federal court is known as the _____ rule.
A) balance of power B) dual sovereignty C) equal jurisdiction D) single jeopardy
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. Many integrated theories are also intended to be general theories of criminal behavior. 2. One major criticism of some integrated theories is that they attempt to combine conflicting assumptions. 3. According to Braithwaite’s reintegrative shaming theory, stigmatization results in a breakdown of informal social control and lack of legitimate opportunities, making criminal subcultures more attractive to offenders. 4. Robert Agnew's general strain theory was intended to be an extension of Edwin Sutherland's differential association theory. 5. The integrated general theory offered by Agnew incorporates ideas from individual difference, process, and structural theories.
Under some state rape statutes once a victim consents to sex she cannot withdraw it
a. True b. False