Weightlifters, bodybuilders, and other athletes who require rapid bursts of high-energy muscle output often spend a lot of money on dietary supplements
Some supplements, such as amino acids, are used as building blocks to make more high-protein muscle cells. Other supplements increase energy or provide more endurance during workouts. For example, supplements that contain creatine (often sold as creatine diphosphate) are reputed to provide more energy.
Based on this information and your knowledge of muscle physiology, would you expect creatine supplements to provide extra energy? Why or why not?
A) No, because the digestive system breaks creatine (a large protein macromolecule) down before it can be used by the body.
B) Yes, because creatine is used directly as a source of energy by muscle cells.
C) No, because creatine is not used for energy production in the body.
D) Yes, because the creatine supplement can donate phosphate ions to regenerate ATP.
D
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What would happen to people exposed to a chemical warfare agent that blocked acetylcholine from binding to muscle receptors?
A) Action potentials would be continuously generated, causing convulsive muscle contractions. B) Muscle contractions would be prevented, causing paralysis. C) Muscle contractions could still occur, but relaxation of the muscle would be impaired. D) Action potentials would be continuously generated, causing convulsive muscle contractions; muscle contractions would then be prevented, causing paralysis.
Which of the following statements about lymphocytes is FALSE?
A) Once they are mature, they migrate to secondary lymphoid organs. B) B and T lymphocytes can be differentiated using a bright-field light microscope. C) Lymphocytes have integral surface proteins by which they can be recognized. D) The glycoproteins on the surface of a lymphocyte are designated with the prefix CD, for "cluster of differentiation." E) Lymphocytes have different types of CD molecules in their cytoplasmic membranes.