If a person had most of his stomach removed in the course of treatment of ulcers, what would be the most probable negative consequence?
a. He would be unable to digest carbohydrates.
b. His pancreatic enzymes would be unable to attack fat molecules.
c. He would be unable to digest proteins.
d. He would have to eat frequent, small meals.
e. His duodenum would become highly irritated by stomach acid.
D; One of the main functions of the stomach is to store food, and if you can't do that, you will have to eat more frequently. While it is true that the stomach secretes pepsin, a proteolytic enzyme, the pancreas also secretes proteolytic enzymes. Without most of your stomach, protein digestion may take more time, but it will continue (choice c). Enzymes to digest carbohydrates are produced by both the salivary glands and the pancreas (choice a). The liver produces the bile that emulsifies fats and renders the fat available to enzymatic attack (choice b). If anything, less stomach may mean less acid production (choice e).
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In sexual reproduction in ciliates the sequence of events is:
A. (1) in each conjugating pair of cells all but one of the four diploid micronuclei disintegrates, (2) then the surviving one undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid micronuclei, of which three also disintegrate, (3) the remaining micronucleus undergoes mitosis to produce two, (4) of which one stays in the parent cell and the other moves to the opposite cell while the macronucleus in each cell disintegrates, (5) the cells separate, each with two nuclei, one of its own and one from its conjugant, (6) one haploid micronucleus in each cell forms a new haploid macronucleus and the other divides mitotically to form eight new haploid micronuclei, (7) the two haploid macronuclei fuse to form a diploid one and the eight haploid micronuclei fuse by pairs into four diploid micronuclei. B. (1) in each conjugating pair of cells all but one of the four diploid micronuclei disintegrates, (2) then the surviving one undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid micronuclei, of which three also disintegrate, (3) the remaining micronucleus undergoes mitosis to produce two, (4) of which one stays in the parent cell and the other moves to the opposite cell while the macronucleus in each cell disintegrates, (5) the cells separate, each with two nuclei, one of its own and one from its conjugant, (6) the two haploid micronuclei in each cell fuse to form a diploid micronucleus, that (7) divides mitotically, producing diploid macronuclei and micronuclei. C. A haploid nucleus in an individual of sexual strain (+) divides mitotically and one of the daughter nuclei passes to an individual of sexual strain (-) where it fuses with the resident haploid nucleus to produce a diploid nucleus. D. (1) in each conjugating pair of cells the four diploid micronuclei fuse, (2) then each undergoes meiosis to produce eight micronuclei, of which seven disintegrate, (3) the remaining micronucleus undergoes mitosis to produce two, (4) of which one stays in the parent cell and the other moves to the opposite cell while the macronucleus in each cell disintegrates, (5) the cells separate, each with two nuclei, one of its own and one from its conjugant, (6) the two haploid micronuclei in each cell fuse to form a diploid micronucleus, that (7) divides mitotically, producing diploid macronuclei and micronuclei. E. All of the other choices provided are incorrect.
In the life cycle of a bread mold, the stage in which diploid nuclei occur is:
A. the gametangium B. the aseptate hypha C. the asexual spores D. the sporangium E. the zygosporangium
Which of the following organisms is negative for catalase, indole, and arginine dihydrolase tests and pits the agar on a sheep blood agar plate?
a. E. corrodens b. W. virosa c. P. maltophilia d. S. paucimobilis
Which of the following features would tend to promote water retention by the kidney?
a. many nephridia b. a long loop of Henle c. a long proximal tubule d. a short distal tubule e. a high filtration rate