What cultural, religious, and scientific changes were happening in Europe during the time of the Mongol Peace? Give a specific example of each

Question

What will be an ideal response?

Answer 1

A. Changes in Europe during Mongol Peace
1. science
a. grew more empirical—more reliant on the reality of sense
perceptions, more committed to the observation of nature
1. University of Paris, which the Nestorian Rabban Bar
Sauma so admired, scholars cultivated a genuinely
scientific way of understanding the world
2. brought about first encyclopedias
3. Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274), who arrayed in precise
categories everything known by experience or report
b. medical experiments could increase knowledge and save lives
1. Roger Bacon
2. science could cow and convert infidels
c. modest scientific revolution in Western Christendom
1. Frederick II relentless experimenter
2. religion
a. doctrines of the church on the creation and the nature of the
soul conflicted with classical philosophy and empirical evidence
b. thinkers took refuge in an evasive idea of "double truth,"
according to which things true in faith could be false in science and vice versa
c. excessive deference to authority—including ancestral wisdom,
custom, and consensus—was a cause of ignorance
1. Roger Bacon
d. work of Francis of Assisi and the Franciscans
1. spearhead of the church's mission to the poor and
inspired other orders of friars
3. culture
a. nature was the object of reverence and the subject of art
b. love of nature made them observe it more closely and keenly
and scrutinize it for good uses
c. naturalistic art