The pathophysiologic abnormalities associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia include which of the following?

1. Malformation of the left ventricle
2. Lung hypoplasia
3. Pulmonary hypertension
4. Unusual anatomy of the inferior vena cava
a. 1 and 3 only
b. 1, 2, and 3 only
c. 3 and 4 only
d. 2, 3, and 4 only


ANS: D
The pathophysiologic mechanism is a complex combination of lung hypoplasia, including de-creased alveolar count and decreased pulmonary vasculature, pulmonary hypertension, and unu-sual anatomy of the inferior vena cava.

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