What were the consequences of the rise of Islam as a political and religious movement during the seventh to eighth centuries C.E.?
What will be an ideal response?
Answers will vary but correct responses should include: In the seventh and eighth century Islam spread and grew in the Muslim world. It functioned remarkably cohesively, like a single empire, gradually spreading Islam, the Arabic language, and a common Muslim identity wherever it went, and introducing more or less uniform principles of law and government. One consequence of the way Islam developed was that where Jesus had proclaimed a sharp distinction between the secular and the spiritual, Muslims acknowledged no difference. For as long as unity prevailed, the reach of Arab expansion shows its explosive nature and its reliance on the resources and manpower of conquered or converted communities. Rifts within Islam between the Sunni and Shia over the succession of Muhammad multiplied schisms internal conflicts, rival caliphates, and secessionist states. By the second decade of the eighth century the rate of expansion was beginning to slow down.
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