A second type of punishment in which a reinforcer or positive state of affairs is removed, such as the loss of privileges, is called
a. response chaining.
b. negative reinforcement.
c. positive punishment.
d. negative punishment.
D
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Many people believe that having a good crying episode is an
effective way to vent negative emotions, such as anger or sadness, and that such spells are healthy. What does the research of Rottenberg, Bylsma, and Vingerhoets (2008) say about this belief? A) The research found that crying tends to increase distress and arousal in most people. B) The research found that crying actually led to anger in more than 80 percent of those who were polled. C) It found support for this belief by showing reduced physiological markers of tension, apprehension, and anxiety after a "good cry." D) It found mixed results, with a few of the participants reporting crying to be very unpleasant, but most reporting it to be a relaxing event.
When faced with uncertainty about how to interpret events, we are influenced by others, especially if they appear ________
a. angry b. excited c. confident d. smart
Infants who weigh less than 1,250 grams or, regardless of weight, have been in the womb less than 30 weeks are called
a) low birthweight. b) very low birthweight. c) preterm. d) small for gestational age.
Jerry Burger, who replicated Milgram's experiments on obedience, found that:
a. participants showed much higher levels of obedience than demonstrated in Milgram's work. b. participants showed slightly higher levels of obedience than demonstrated in Milgram's work. c. participants showed the exact same levels of obedience as in Milgram's work. d. participants showed slightly lower levels of obedience than demonstrated in Milgram's work.