What year did Hirschi publish the book containing the definitive social control model in criminology?
a. 1957
b. 1969
c. 1975
d. 1981
Answer: B
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A form of punishment for minor crimes
A) Banishment B) Fine C) Jail D) Halfway house
The U.S. Supreme Court held in Apprendi v. New Jersey (2000) that, other than the fact of prior conviction, any fact that increases the penalty for a crime beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be _____.
a. submitted to a jury and proved beyond a reasonable doubt b. submitted to a jury and proved by a preponderance of the evidence c. decided by the judge and proved beyond a reasonable doubt d. decided by the judge and proved by a preponderance of the evidence
The "evolving standards of decency" analysis espoused by the U.S. Supreme Court in Trop v. Dulles (1958) has subsequently been used by the Court to decide whether _____ is cruel and unusual punishment for certain groups of offenders.
a. life with parole b. the death penalty c. life without parole d. hard labor
The first duty of the criminal investigator is to
a. establish whether or not a crime was committed. b. arrest the perpetrator. c. contact all witnesses. d. write a comprehensive report. e. safeguard and protect evidence.