A client who has a diagnosis of an autoimmune disease asks his nurse why it is that his immune system does not attack all of the cells that make up his body
Which of the following aspects of pathogen recognition in the innate immune system listed below would underlie the nurse's response?
A)
Normal host cells excrete inhibitory proteins that are detected by natural killer cells.
B)
Intraepithelial lymphocytes and natural killer cells possess specific, highly diverse receptors.
C)
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) ensure that cells are correctly identified.
D)
Leukocytes possess pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
Ans: C
PRRs recognize the structure of invaders and thus prevent activation by healthy somatic cells, though neither intraepithelial lymphocytes nor natural killer cells possess the high level of specification and diversity of receptors associated with the adaptive immune system. Host cells do not excrete inhibitory proteins, and PAMPs exist on pathogens, not on leukocytes.
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A nurse explains to a patient with cancer why it is difficult to achieve 100% cell kill to cure cancer with chemotherapy. Which statement by the patient indicates a need for further teaching?
a. "It is necessary to continue giving the same dose of chemotherapeutic agents throughout therapy, even if toxicity oc-curs." b. "Symptoms of cancer often disappear be-fore all malignant cells are eradicated." c. "The immune system attacks chemothe-rapeutic agents and renders them impo-tent." d. "The immune system often fails to recog-nize cancer cells as foreign."
Patient education for a patient who is being given nose drops for the first time includes:
1. having the patient sit down and tip her head to the side to allow for a better angle for instillation of the drops. 2. holding the dropper against the side of the nose so that all the medication flows into the nares. 3. telling the patient that it's OK to return any unused medication to the bottle so that it's not wasted. 4. tipping the head back and holding the bottle over the opening to the nares. Tell the patient to keep her head back for a few minutes.
The ratio of the time sound remains audible when travelling through air compared with the time sound remains audible when travelling through bone is:
A) 1:5. B) 2:3. C) 1:2. D) 2:1.
A disadvantage to home visits is:
1. Convenience for the client 2. Time spent with one client 3. Client control of the setting 4. Ability to individualize services