The major cells that function in the nonspecific immune response for the defense against microorganisms are:
a. dendritic cells.
b. macrophages.
c. lymphcytes.
d. polymorphonuclear cells.
D
Polymorphonuclear cells or PMNS are considered the first responders and are nonspecific pha-gocytes that are located throughout the human body. They are capable of ingesting and destroy-ing a wide variety of pathogenic organisms.
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Fossil evidence shows that Tiktaalik had both lungs and gills, indicating that it could
A. absorb oxygen only from the water.
B. take in food for nutrition from the air or the water.
C. absorb oxygen from both air and water.
D. absorb oxygen only from the air.
E. take in food for nutrition through the gills, but breath the air for oxygen.
All individuals of a particular species of whiptail lizards are females. Their reproductive efforts depend on _____
A) fertilization of their eggs by males of other lizard species B) gonadal structures that only undergo mitosis C) meiosis followed by a doubling of the chromosomes in eggs D) budding prior to the development of a sexual phenotype E) fragmentation via autolysis
Four of the five answers are edible mycorrhizal fungi. Select the exception
a. chanterelles b. truffles c. shiitake mushrooms d. porcini mushrooms e. morels
In eukaryotic cells, we sometimes find reverse transcriptase activity, even though the cells are not infected with a retrovirus. This activity can be attributed to
A) the presence of transposons integrating into polymerase genes. B) the presence of viroids. C) the presence of retrotransposons. D) infection with small bacteria known as mycoplasmas. E) a novel prion infection.