Which of the following best describes Vygotsky's concepts of scaffolding?
a. the belief in the uniqueness of their personal experiences and their personal destiny
b. the capacity to think about thinking
c. the difference between skills or tasks that adolescents can accomplish alone
d. the degree of assistance provided to the adolescent in the zone of proximal development
D
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One hypothesis about risky behavior in adolescence relates it to immaturity of the brain areas responsible for inhibiting impulses. Which of the following is evidence AGAINST that explanation?
a. Brain scans show that the prefrontal cortex is fully mature by age 12. b. Teenagers seldom make impulsive decisions under peer pressure. c. On average, 20-year-olds take greater risks than younger teenagers. d. On average, males take greater risks than females.
What is considered the most rigorous type of evaluation used by researchers to determine whether a therapy "works"?
A. Double-blind study B. Efficacy study C. Blind study D. Manualized study
What is a major possible confound in adoption studies that could limit their conclusions?
a. Children who are adopted may have other psychological disturbances that influence IQ. b. Adoptive children may have experienced lacking environments depending on time in foster care. c. Adopted children may have more enriched environments than their biological counterparts. d. Adoption agencies frequently place children in homes similar to those of the biological parents.
The sound of music makes your feet start tapping. A behaviorist would say that the music is a _____, because it causes you to start foot-tapping.
A. stimulus B. activating event C. sound D. organismic event