Postural sway is a dynamic postural reflex that causes the body to subtly sway
a. in a standing posture, is caused by phasic stretch reflexes in postural muscles, and assists the venous return of blood from the legs to the heart.
b. in a seated posture, is caused by active volition in prime movers, and assists the venous return of blood from the legs to the heart.
c. in all positions, is caused by tonic stretch reflex in joint proprioceptors, and assists the venous return of blood from the legs to the heart.
d. in an upright posture, is caused by tonic stretch reflexes in postural muscles, and assists the venous return of blood from the legs to the heart.
d
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