Which of the following is true regarding the stand-your-ground justification defense?
a. Most self-defense statutes require a duty to retreat before reacting to a threat with physical violence.
b. The castle exception does not require an obligation to retreat within an individual's residence before fighting back.
c. Stand-your-ground laws allow average citizens to use deadly force when they reasonably believe that their homes or vehicles have been illegally invaded.
d. All of the above are true regarding the "stand-your-ground" justification defense.
d
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Which of the following is not an element of routine activities theory?
a. A crime-specific focus c. A suitable target b. A motivated offender d. The absence of a capable guardian
In one research study, officers estimated that nearly _______ in ________ officers slept on duty or used excessive force
A. Nine in ten B. Four in ten C. Two in ten D. None of the above
Research by __________ found that a small number of chronic recidivists were responsible for a large majority of serious violent crime
a. Marcus Felson b. Jack Katz c. Ronald V. Clarke d. Marvin Wolfgang
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. In the Stanford Prison Experiment, subjects were assigned the role of “officers” if they scored higher on aggression tests and “inmates” if they received lower scores. 2. Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences (ACJS) has its own code of ethics. 3. The Stanford Prison Experiment was terminated earlier than planned. 4. According to research, research subjects who have been deceived were less trusting in the future. 5. Milgram opted to end his experiment earlier than planned. 6. In certain situations, the law may require researchers to break confidentiality. 7. To maintain confidentiality, researchers should not disclose the sources of their financial support. 8. Depending on the state, if a researcher suspects elder abuse, then the researcher must break confidentiality and report the incident. 9. Zimbardo’s and Milgram’s studies have never been replicated. 10. Subjects can waive the protection of confidentiality. 11. The necessity of deception in research is universally agreed upon by social scientists. 12. The US government has never been involved in unethical studies involving human subjects. 13. Milgram offered full debriefings to all of his subjects. 14. One criticism of Zimbardo’s experiment is that he did not pay his subjects. 15. Children with exceptionally high IQs can legally consent to participate in research studies.