Compare and contrast how quasi-experimental and strong experimental designs make causal inferences.
What will be an ideal response?
Ans: The three criteria for determining causality are: cause must covary with effect, cause must precede effect, and rival hypotheses or alternative hypotheses must be implausible. In strong research designs, the use of random assignment, research procedures, and control groups allow for the inference of causality. In quasi-experimental designs, data must be collected to make the rival explanations or threats to internal validity can be ruled out.
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