According to the "reverse learning" hypothesis, REM sleep enhances learning because it:
a. Produces a consolidation of memories
b. Weeds out erroneous neural connections
c. Decreases non-REM sleep that is detrimental for learning
d. Prevents the initial learning of irrelevant information
B
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People heard subliminal audiotapes that contained messages different from what they were told to expect. For example, tapes about memory or self-esteem might be mislabeled as the opposite. What is the usual outcome of such studies? a. People report improvement in whatever they thought the tapes contained
b. People report improvement in what the tapes actually contained. c. People report improvement in both what actual content and the expected content. d. People do not report improvement in any regard.
A search for the happiness center in the brain is unlikely to be successful because ____
a. brain areas associated with particular emotions vary considerably b. happiness is only an epiphenomenon c. fear activates brain areas identical to those of happiness d. no one has been able to define happiness
The proper sequence of the intellectual stages of development are
a. preoperational, sensorimotor, concrete, and formal. b. sensorimotor, concrete, preoperational, and formal. c. formal, sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete. d. sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, and formal.
How can scientists ensure that the variables they investigate can be observed and measured?
A. Scientists state the dictionary definition of an investigated variable. B. Scientists use their trained intuition before investigating a variable. C. Scientists state an operational definition of an investigated variable. D. Scientists do nothing; it is not necessary to observe and measure variables.