Your textbook outlines a 2001 study conducted by Anthony Caggiula and colleagues in which rats were trained to lever press for infusions of nicotine delivered in combination with a discriminative light cue. Once responding was established, each element
was systematically removed and subsequently re-established to determine its importance to operant responding. Keeping in mind the results of that study, which of the following nicotine-containing products would you expect a smoker to find most reinforcing?
a. Nicotine gum
b. A cig-a-like ENDS device
c. A nicotine inhaler
d. A nicotine patch
e. Nicotine lozenges
Answer: B
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The endocrine system and the nervous system are basically:
a. similar—they are both chemical systems b. similar—they both send information throughout the body c. different—the nervous system affects the brain and the endocrine system affects the body d. different—the nervous system causes positive functioning and the endocrine system causes dysfunctions
Which of the following is true concerning the nature–nurture debate?
A) Most researchers believe that genes and environment interact to influence human behavior. B) Most researchers are either pro-nature or pro-nurture when describing the causes of human behavior. C) People with genetic predispositions for anxiety will eventually express this type of behavior. D) Gene expression is not substantially influenced by the environment.
James is going to the store to buy the following items: shampoo, ice cream, bananas, bread, juice, milk, toothpaste, and pretzels. Instead of making a list, he repeats the list over and over to himself and comes home with only the shampoo, ice cream, and bananas. James was using __________ rehearsal and remembered only the first few items on the list due to the __________ effect.
A. elaborative; primacy B. maintenance; primacy C. maintenance; recency D. elaborative; recency
Karl Popper, a noted philosopher of science, claimed that our job as scientists is to
A) prove theories. B) come up with multiple hypotheses. C) solve the world's problems. D) disprove theories.