Describe fuzzy trace theory.
What will be an ideal response?
Charles Brainerd and Valerie Reyna's fuzzy trace theory states that memory is best understood by considering two types of memory representations: verbatim memory trace and gist. The verbatim memory trace consists of the precise details of the information, whereas gist refers to the central idea of the information. When gist is used, fuzzy traces are built up. Although individuals of all ages extract gist, young children tend to store and retrieve verbatim traces. At some point during the early elementary school years, children begin to use gist more. According to this theory, the use of gist contributes to the improved memory and reasoning of older children, because fuzzy traces are more enduring and less likely to be forgotten than verbatim traces.
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You decide that a bearded professor wearing a rumpled sports coat is a member of the art faculty, rather than the business school faculty (which actually has more members) because he looks like an artist. What judgment error have you committed?
a. You relied too heavily on the anchoring and adjustment heuristic. b. You should not have trusted your hindsight so completely. c. You should have been more aware of the law of large numbers. d. You did not pay enough attention to the base rate.
DSM-I was published in the
a. 1930s. b. 1940s. c. 1950s. d. 1960s.
Strands of DNA consist of four types of nucleotides that are identical except for the base. Which of the following is NOT one of the four bases?
a. adenine b. guanine c. cryosine d. thymine
A primary sex characteristic in boys is
a) pubic, underarm, and facial hair. b) deepened voices. c) spermarche. d) changes in vocal cord and larynx.