Explain the principles of reinforcement theory.
What will be an ideal response?
Reinforcement theory is based upon the law of effect, which states that past
actions that led to positive outcomes tend to be repeated, whereas past actions that led
to negative outcomes will diminish. The law of effect led to the development of operant
conditioning (sometimes referred to as reinforcement theory). In this approach to
motivation, individual personality, thoughts, and attitudes don’t motivate behavior.
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A local science museum normally sells tickets to its museum for $5 each. The daily maximum capacity of the museum is 1,000 visitors. At the maximum capacity, fixed costs are $2 per visitor and variable costs are $1.50 per visitor. A local school group has approached the museum wishing to purchase 50 special passes at a cost of $2.50 each. Assuming the museum has excess capacity, if the special
order were accepted, net income would: A) increase by $50.00. B) decrease by $125.00. C) increase by $125.00. D) decrease by $50.00.
A budgeting method that assigns costs first to activities and then to projects based on each project's use of resources is:
A) Activity-based budgeting. B) Zero-based budgeting. C) Top-down budgeting. D) Bottom-up budgeting.
Which of the statements below is TRUE of the payback period method?
A) It ignores the cash flow after the initial outflow has been recovered. B) It is biased against projects with early-term payouts. C) It incorporates time-value-of-money principles. D) It focuses on cash flows after the initial outflow has been recovered.
Wardsworth, Inc., manufactures and sells two products: Product I9 and Product Z9. Data concerning the expected production of each product and the expected total direct labor-hours (DLHs) required to produce that output appear below: Expected Production Direct Labor-Hours Per Unit Total Direct Labor-HoursProduct I9700 6.0 4,200 Product Z9900 8.0 7,200 Total direct labor-hours 11,400 The direct labor rate is $26.00 per DLH. The direct materials cost per unit for each product is given below: Direct Materials Cost per UnitProduct I9$226.10 Product Z9$151.20 The company is considering adopting an activity-based costing system with the following activity cost pools, activity measures, and expected activity:Activity Cost PoolsActivity MeasuresEstimated Overhead
CostExpected Activity???Product I9Product Z9TotalLabor-relatedDLHs$463,980 4,2007,20011,400Machine setupssetups 9,814 300400700Order sizeMHs 105,792 4,4004,3008,700 $579,586 The unit product cost of Product Z9 under activity-based costing is closest to: (Round your intermediate calculations to 2 decimal places.) A. $721.44 per unit B. $749.13 per unit C. $765.92 per unit D. $417.30 per unit