All of the following statements about Vibrio Cholerae enterotoxin are true EXCEPT:
A. Acts on cells of the small intestine
B. There are two major subunits, A and B
C. Subunit B is responsible for binding of the toxin
D. Toxic activity resides in subunit B
Answer: D. Toxic activity resides in subunit B
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A physician is attempting new therapies for HIV patients who are suffering from an impaired immune response. He decides to try using a recombinant form of colony-stimulating factor cytokine (CSF). Why?
A. CSF is a strong inducer of antiviral activities in our cells, and may help our immune system fight off the effects of HIV for a longer period of time. B. CSF will hyperstimulate the activities of the macrophages, leading to ingestion and destruction of HIV-infected cells. C. CSF will help to stimulate the production of new lymphocytes-the very cells that are infected and depleted during an HIV infection. This may help to keep the patients' immune responses "normal" for a longer period of time before they succumb to full-blown AIDS. D. CSF will drive up the production of lactoferrin, a strong antiviral compound produced in our mucus membrane secretions.
Fossils and molecular techniques reveal that the closest ancient wolflike relatives of most modern dogs lived in ____
a. Asia b. Africa c. South America d. North America e. Europe
The most economically important bryophyte is:
a. Equisetum. b. Anthoceros. c. Psilotum. d. Sphagnum. e. Lycopodium
Which is true of Mycobacteria?
A. they cause leprosy B. they cause tuberculosis C. they are acid-fast D. all of the above