Give two examples of pollution control. For each control, identify at least one cost and one benefit
What will be an ideal response?
Answers will vary according to student. Cost-effectiveness can be applied to the desired level of pollution control. As Figure 2-14 shows, a significant benefit may be achieved by modest degrees of cleanup. Note, however, how differently the cost and benefit curves behave with increasing reduction of pollution. At some point in the cleanup effort, the lines cross, and the costs exceed the benefits. Few additional benefits are realized when cleanup begins to approach 100%, yet costs increase exponentially. This behavior follows from the fact that living organisms—including humans—can often tolerate a threshold level of pollution without ill effect. Therefore, reducing the level of a pollutant below its threshold level will not yield an observable improvement. Optimum cost-effectiveness that meets the efficiency criterion for public policy is achieved at the point where the benefit curve is the greatest distance above the cost curve. However, the perspective of time should be considered in calculating cost-effectiveness (Figure 2-15). A situation that appears to be cost ineffective in the short term may prove extremely cost effective in the long term. This is particularly true for problems such as acid deposition and groundwater contamination from toxic wastes.
What has been the result of environmental regulation to date? Pollution of air and surface water reached critical levels in many areas of the United States in the late 1960s, and since that time, huge sums of money have been spent on pollution abatement. Benefit-cost analysis shows that, overall, these expenditures have paid for themselves many times over in decreased health care costs and enhanced environmental quality. Consider the phasing out of leaded gasoline as just one example. The project cost about $3.6 billion, according to an EPA benefit-cost report. Benefits were valued at over $50 billion, $42 billion of which were for medical costs that were avoided!
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The relatively peaceful dismantling of the USSR
A) was facilitated in part by the fact that the USSR had a federal structure. B) occurred in the mid-1980s. C) would not have occurred without the brilliant statesmanship of President Bush. D) left many of the Soviet Republics without independence.
Global warming would be a greater immediate problem in the Netherlands than in Denver, Colorado
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Which of the following statements is true about the solubility of alkenes?
A) All alkenes are soluble in water. B) Long chain alkenes are soluble in water, but short chain alkenes are insoluble. C) Long chain alkenes are insoluble in water, but short chain alkenes are soluble. D) All alkenes are soluble in alkanes.
Energy of motion is also known as:
a. dynamic energy. b. kinetic energy. c. sensible heat energy. d. static energy. e. latent heat energy.