______ proves that an agreement by two persons to commit a crime requires that the voluntary and cooperative action of two persons cannot constitute a conspiracy.

a. Gebardi rule
b. Pinkerton rule
c. RICO
d. Wharton’s rule


d. Wharton’s rule

Criminal Justice

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The concept of reintegrative shaming emphasizes stigmatization and amplification of deviance

a. True b. False

Criminal Justice

Which of the following is NOT true in regards to the 2014 report on trading in endangered species?

a. Price of ivory has hugely increased from $5/kg in 1989 to $2,100/kg in 2014 b. 20,000 elephants are illegally poached for ivory every year c. South Africa is the largest market for both licit and illicit ivory d. None of the above

Criminal Justice

The first mention of youth gangs in America occurred in the _____

a. Early 1900s b. Late 1780s c. Late 1860s d. Early 1820s

Criminal Justice

The "Hierarchy Rule" impacts the validity of the National Crime Victimization Survey

Indicate whether the statement is true or false

Criminal Justice