When assessing a patient in the withdrawal stage of substance abuse, the nurse will most likely observe:
A) an increased sensitivity to stress.
B) positive emotions.
C) balancing desire for drug with the will to abstain.
D) consideration of possibility of relapse.
A) an increased sensitivity to stress.
Explanation: A) The major concepts associated with addiction include binge and intoxication, withdrawal and negative effect, and preoccupation and anticipation. Binge and intoxication are associated with increased release of dopamine and activation of the brain's reward system. Withdrawal is associated with activation of the brain regions associated with emotions, resulting in increased sensitivity to stress and negative emotions. Preoccupation is associated with decreased function of the prefrontal cortex. During preoccupation, the individual attempts to balance the desire for the drug, the will to abstain, the possibility of relapse, and the continued cycle of addiction.
B) The major concepts associated with addiction include binge and intoxication, withdrawal and negative effect, and preoccupation and anticipation. Binge and intoxication are associated with increased release of dopamine and activation of the brain's reward system. Withdrawal is associated with activation of the brain regions associated with emotions, resulting in increased sensitivity to stress and negative emotions. Preoccupation is associated with decreased function of the prefrontal cortex. During preoccupation, the individual attempts to balance the desire for the drug, the will to abstain, the possibility of relapse, and the continued cycle of addiction.
C) The major concepts associated with addiction include binge and intoxication, withdrawal and negative effect, and preoccupation and anticipation. Binge and intoxication are associated with increased release of dopamine and activation of the brain's reward system. Withdrawal is associated with activation of the brain regions associated with emotions, resulting in increased sensitivity to stress and negative emotions. Preoccupation is associated with decreased function of the prefrontal cortex. During preoccupation, the individual attempts to balance the desire for the drug, the will to abstain, the possibility of relapse, and the continued cycle of addiction.
D) The major concepts associated with addiction include binge and intoxication, withdrawal and negative effect, and preoccupation and anticipation. Binge and intoxication are associated with increased release of dopamine and activation of the brain's reward system. Withdrawal is associated with activation of the brain regions associated with emotions, resulting in increased sensitivity to stress and negative emotions. Preoccupation is associated with decreased function of the prefrontal cortex. During preoccupation, the individual attempts to balance the desire for the drug, the will to abstain, the possibility of relapse, and the continued cycle of addiction.
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