Identify the four special circumstances in which researchers can be more confident in drawing conclusions about time order when using cross-sectional data.
What will be an ideal response?
The independent variable is fixed at some point prior to the variation in the dependent variable; researchers believe that respondents can give them reliable reports of what happened to them or what they thought at some earlier point in time; measures are based on the records that contain information on cases in earlier periods; researchers know that the value of the dependent variable was similar for all cases prior to the treatment.
You might also like to view...
Crosscutting cleavages refer to the tendency of polling samples to overrepresent independents
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
What is the proletariat?
a. a class division consisting of industrial workers b. a social movement that promoted the communal values of the worker class? c. a class division consisting of the owners of the means of production d. a social movement that promoted stringent social stratification
In 2009, this country's Supreme Religious leader's reputation was tarnished when he endorsed the electoral victory of the incumbent President Mahmoud Ahmadininejad while thousands took to the streets to protest the integrity of the election
a. Iran b. Egypt c. Saudi Arabia d. Afghanistan e. Jordan
Which of the following accurately describes political equality?
a. A conception of equality that values equal economic status as well as equal access to housing, health care, education, and government services. b. A conception of equality that seeks to provide all citizens with opportunities to participate in the economic system and public life. c. It means all citizens have opportunities to vote, run for office, own property, and enjoy civil liberties protections. d. It exists when public policies and legal protections provide equal opportunity, fair and open political participation, and equal treatment under the law.