Discuss renal problems associated with HIV infection
Renal failure in the form of HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is associated with risk factors such as infection, certain medications, male gender, and black African ancestry. Tubular necrosis is associated with several medications commonly used in HIV-infected patients, such as acyclovir, tenofovir, adefovir, and cidofovir, among other nephrotoxic medications. Nephrolithiasis (formation of kidney stones) has been associated with indinavir, and adequate hydration is a key recommendation when using indinavir. Volume depletion, which can occur in patients experiencing diarrhea related to infections or medication tolerance, increase the risk for renal involvement and hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and other imbalances.
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