According to labeling theory, the major element in determining the criminality of an individual is

a. A specific quality inherent in the individual.
b. The reaction of society.
c. Inborn traits.
d. None of the above


Answer: B

Criminal Justice

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Any circumstance that increases the seriousness of one's delinquent acts is called:

a. mitigating. b. intervening. c. aggravating. d. complicating.

Criminal Justice

Parole has had a diminished influence on the community corrections research, literature, and training developments since probationers greatly outnumber parolees across the nation and since parole has been discontinued as a practice in ______ states throughout the country.

A. 12 B. 27 C. 19 D. 36

Criminal Justice

When a crime has been committed through an innocent instrumentality, the courts aim to punish the

A. perpetrator for the mens rea, but not the actus reus, of the crime. B. perpetrator who possesses the intent to accomplish the crime. C. instrumentality who possesses the intent to accomplish the crime. D. innocent instrumentality for the actus reus, but not the mens rea, of the crime.

Criminal Justice

Houses of refuge were started in the mid 1700s

Indicate whether the statement is true or false

Criminal Justice