An older male patient with end-stage renal disease is sad and believes that he will die within a few days. Which interventions should the nurse use to promote hope in the patient? (Select all that apply.)
A) Using humor at the bedside
B) Facilitating a life review for the client
C) Helping the client to find pleasure during current life activities
D) Encouraging the client to focus on a time of life that was more pleasant
E) Introducing the client to an individual who has a much poorer prognosis and/or health status
A, B, C
Feedback:
The tactful use of humor, facilitation of life review, and aiding clients in finding pleasure in activities are noted to instill hope. Encouraging comparison to someone with a worse situation and encouraging focus on a different time of life are not noted to foster the development of hope.
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