An advertisement maintains that zip code affects length of life. If outcomes research were designed to explore this geographic difference, what variables would be most useful in understanding the outcome of length of life? (Select all that apply.)
a. Other outcome variables, such as quality of life and consumer perceptions
b. Structural variables, such as the availability of parking near clinics
c. Structural variables, such as the time it actually takes in both areas to transport a patient to an emergency room
d. Structural variables, such as the prevalence of ethnically associated health problems
e. Process variables, such as physicians' clinical judgment
f. Process variables, such as the presence of standard nursing care plans in the hospitals
g. Structural variables, such as the number of specialist physicians per 1000 population in each area
h. Structural variables, such as the number of primary care physicians per 1000 population in each area
ANS: C, D, E, G, H
Geographical analyses examine variations in health status, health services, patterns of care, or patterns of use by geographical area and are sometimes referred to as small area analyses. Variations may be associated with sociodemographic, economic, medical, cultural, or behavioral characteristics. Locality-specific factors of a healthcare system, such as capacity, access, and convenience, may play a role in explaining variations. The social setting, environment, living conditions, and community may also be important factors. The interactions between the characteristics of a locality and of its inhabitants are complex. The characteristics of the total community may transcend the characteristics of individuals within the community and may influence subgroup behavior. High educational levels in the community are commonly associated with greater access to information and receptiveness to ideas from outside the community.
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