According to the results of criminal justice research, which of the following statistics or factors do not evidence the effect of racism against blacks in police–citizen encounters?

a. The frequency of arrests of blacks for sale of cocaine and heroin in proportion to whites.
b. The frequency of arrests of black in proportion to whites
c. The neighborhoods in which arrests take place.
d. The frequency of police shooting of blacks in proportion to whites.


Ans: A

Criminal Justice

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