The nurse cares for a client with chronic pyelonephritis. What is the nurse's understanding of the most frequent cause of this condition?
A) Vesicoureteral reflux
B) Papillary necrosis
C) Nephrolithiasis
D) Tubulointerstitial injury
A) Vesicoureteral reflux
Explanation: A) Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the most common cause of chronic pyelonephritis. VUR is the abnormal backflow of urine from the bladder to the kidney, which can lead to renal scarring, tubulointerstitial injury, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
B) Papillary necrosis and nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) may lead to chronic pyelonephritis; however, these are not the most frequent cause of this condition.
C) Papillary necrosis and nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) may lead to chronic pyelonephritis; however, these are not the most frequent cause of this condition.
D) Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the most common cause of chronic pyelonephritis. VUR is the abnormal backflow of urine from the bladder to the kidney, which can lead to renal scarring, tubulointerstitial injury, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
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