Probation is a penal option which:
a. has only been applied to individuals, not to organizations
b. has traditionally been applied to individuals, but has more recently been applied to organizations
c. has traditionally been regarded as especially inappropriate for individual white collar offenders
d. has been demonstrated to be highly effective when applied to organizations
B
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By and large, criminal defendants are:
A. young, poor, uneducated, and male. B. young, poor, and female, and a member of a minority group. C. young, poor, male, and minority. D. middle-aged, male, uneducated, and a repeat offender.
Under Common Law, children under 10 had no criminal capacity
a. True b. False
Ongoing sexual abuse of a child over an extended period of victimization is an example of ______.
A. acute trauma B. chronic trauma C. complex trauma D. definitive trauma
Which of the following amendments to the U.S. Constitution will have to be respected and will no doubt set the outer limits of what corrections in the future might be?
A. the Fourth Amendment B. the Sixth Amendment C. the Fourteenth Amendment D. the Eighth Amendment