Abnormal behavior often has been attributed to the influence of supernatural
forces. Describe how these forces were used to explain abnormal behavior during
various time periods and the treatments that resulted.
What will be an ideal response?
Early writings of the Egyptians, Chinese, Hebrews, and Greeks show they
attributed such behavior to possession by a demon or god. This was treated by exorcism.
In the Middle Ages, the clergy were largely responsible for treatment because
possession was considered causal. In fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Europe, witchcraft
became another related explanation for which torture, burning, and other such methods
were used. Recent historical analyses, however, suggest that the mentally ill may not
have been taken to be witches, as was often once thought. Even in contemporary culture,
one can find those who believe that supernatural forces cause psychological problems.
Exorcisms are still occasionally practiced. GRADING RUBRIC - 10 points total, 5
points each for a discussion of the use of supernatural explanations during two different
time periods.
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Which of the following is an accurate statement about the relative size of the fields of clinical psychology and clinical social work?
a. Clinical psychologists currently outnumber clinical social workers, and this trend is likely to continue in the future. b. Clinical psychologists currently outnumber clinical social workers, but this trend is likely to reverse over time. c. Clinical social workers currently outnumber clinical psychologists, and this trend is likely to continue in the future. d. Clinical social workers currently outnumber clinical psychologists, and this trend is likely to reverse over time.
Denise is grounded for coming home after curfew. Additionally, her parents have taken away her cell phone for a month. Losing her cell phone privileges is an example of
a. negative reinforcement. b. punishment by application. c. punishment by removal. d. learned helplessness.
Which of the following was reported to improve episodic memory in the elderly?
A. dietary changes to increase flavonoid consumption B. increased consumption of coffee or tea C. learning digital photography or quilting over a 3-month period D. online cognitive training programs
In research in the West Indies, in which black and white preschoolers were presented with black dolls and white dolls, Gopaul-McNichol (1995) found that
a. both black and white preschoolers preferred the white doll. b. white preschoolers preferred the white doll; black preschoolers preferred the black doll. c. white preschoolers preferred the white doll; black preschoolers had no clear preference. d. neither black nor white preschoolers had clear preferences for either doll.