While evaluating how care is delivered at various hospitals, the nurse identifies a facility where caring in the emergency department is perceived differently than caring in the rehabilitation unit. Whose theory of caring is the nurse observing in action?
1. Leininger
2. Ray
3. Roach
4. Boykin and Schoenhofer
Correct Answer: 2
Rationale 1: Leininger's theory is focused on cultural congruency.
Rationale 2: Ray's theory of bureaucratic caring suggests that caring in nursing is contextual and is influenced by the organizational structure. Each unit had its own specific meaning of caring and how it was influenced.
Rationale 3: Roach focuses on the philosophical concept of caring and proposes that caring is the human mode of being.
Rationale 4: Boykin and Schoenhofer's theory suggests that caring is a lifelong process, lived moment to moment by the nurse and constantly unfolding.
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