Describe the mechanisms by which the kidneys remove hydrogen ions from the body.
What will be an ideal response?
Virtually all of the H+ that leaves the body in urine is secreted into the filtrate. The tubule cells, including collecting ducts, appear to respond directly to the pH of the ECF and to alter their rate of H+ secretion accordingly. The secreted H+ ions are obtained from the dissociation of carbonic acid within the tubule cells. For each H+ ion actively secreted into the tubule lumen, one sodium ion is reabsorbed into the tubule cell from the filtrate, thus maintaining the electrochemical balance.
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Both Na+ and Cl- freely filter from the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's space, with no secretion along the renal tubule.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)
The enzyme initially released in response to a reduction in blood flow detected by the kidney is
A. renin. B. angiotensin. C. angiotensin I. D. angiotensin converting enzyme. E. aldosterone.
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. Somatic reflexes involve responses by skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. 2. The stretch reflex is the tendency of a muscle to stretch when it is overcontracted. 3. The tendon reflex is the inhibition of a muscle's contraction that occurs when its tendon is excessively stretched. 4. The crossed extension reflex is the contraction of the extensors on one side of the body when the flexors are contracted on the other side.
The enteric nervous system is a network of neurons found throughout the walls of thoracic organs, such as the lungs.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)